Gas Gangrene Definition(Oakley, 1954) Gas gangrene is defined as a rapidly spreading, edematous myonecrosis, occurring in association with severely crushed wounds contaminated with pathogenic clostridia, particularly with C. perfringens. Previously, the disease was called malignant edema or clostridial myonecrosis. Etiological Agents Gas gangrene is always polymicrobial and is caused by…
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Hand hygiene: Back to the basics of infection control
Types of hand hygiene Hand Rub Alcohol based (70–80% ethyl alcohol) and chlorhexidine (0.5–4%) based hand rubs are available. The duration of contact has to be at least for 20–30 seconds. Advantage: After a period of contact, it gets evaporated of its own, hence drying of hands is not required…
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Scabies
Scabies Scabies (Itch mite or Sarcoptes scabiei)Scabies is caused by itch mite or Sarcoptes scabiei.Transmission to man is through transfer of impregnatedfemale mites through— (1) skin-to-skin contact with an infested person, or (2) rarely spread indirectly by sharing their items such as clothing, towels, or bedding. Scabies can spread easily…
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A Human Bite
Human Bites Human bites may take place during fights, domestic abuse,sexual activity or healthcare workers caring for patients.Human-bite wounds become infected less frequently(10–15% of the time) than the bites inflicted by animals Types of human bites: Human bites are categorized intotwo types ●Occlusional injuries, which are inflicted by actual biting…
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MUMPS
MUMPS Mumps virus is the most common cause of parotid glandenlargement in children. In severe cases, it can also causeorchitis and aseptic meningitis. Pathogenesis Transmission is through the respiratory route viadroplets, saliva, and fomites Primary replication occurs in the nasal mucosa orupper respiratory mucosa → infects mononuclear cellsand regional lymph…
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Corneal Ulcer ( Keratitis)
Corneal Ulcer (Bacterial Keratitis) Bacterial keratitis is the most common form keratitis(corneal ulcer), although it may also be caused by viruses,parasites and fungi. Etiology: Common bacteria associated with cornealulceration include S. aureus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae and NeisseriaTransmission: Infection spreads to cornea either —(1)endogenously from underlying infection of adjacentstructures—conjunctiva, eyelid or…
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Hordeolum
Hordeolum Hordeolum is an acute focal infection of eyelid (lash follicles), usuallycaused by Staphylococcus aureus. Risk factor: It usually occurs among children and youngadults with habitual rubbing of the eyes Two types: It is an acute suppurative inflammation oflash follicles and its associated glands sciencegajab.com
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Decubitus Ulcer
Decubitus Ulcer Elderly or chronically ill, bedridden patients are prone todevelop decubitus ulcer (also called as bed sore or pressuresore); the most common site being near the anus or onthe lower extremities. Most frequent organisms infect thedecubitus ulcer are gastrointestinal flora (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis, or nosocomial pathogens (e.g. S. aureus…
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Malaria
Malaria Malaria is the most lethal parasitic diseaseof humans, transmitted in 108 countriescontaining 3 billion people.Worldwide, the incidence of malaria isestimated to be 300–500 million clinicalcases with nearly 1 million deaths everyyearThe tropical zone is affected the most. Themost common malaria affected regions areSub-Saharan Africa (accounts for 85% oftotal infection)…