CANCER: NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE:

Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. 

CANCER is NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.

        • One of the major cause of death all over the globe.
        • Cancer is uncontrol growth of cells, divide continuously and produce masses of cells called TUMOUR. 

        • When a normal cell comes in contact with other cells it stops division. This property is called CONTACT INHIBITION. 

        • Cancerous cell/oncogenic cells lost the property of contact inhibition that’s why produce tumour.

TUMORS ARE OF TWO TYPES

• Benign and Malignant

    • BENIGN TUMORS 

BENIGN TUMORS remain confined to their original location and do not spread and cause little damage.

    • MALIGNANT TUMORS

          a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumour cells. These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues.

               • Cancerous cells actively divide and grow they also starve the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients. 

               METASTASIS:

          • Cells sloughed from malignant tumour reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumour there and invade the most part of body.

          • The most feared property of malignant tumours. 

CARCINOGENS

      • These are agent which transform the normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells.

      • chemical, physical or biological in nature.

      • Chemical carcinogen e.g. tobacco smoke responsible for lung cancer.

      • Ionising radiations like X-ray & gamma rays are physical agent. 

      • UV-ray à non- ionising carcinogen radiation (physical)

 Cancer causing viruses called ONCOGENIC VIRUSES have genes called viral 
ONCOGENES. 

      • several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes have been identified in normal cells which, 

      • These genes activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.

      • Oncogenes and c-onc are biological agent of cancer. 

CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS: 

    • Early detection of cancers has probability to cure.

     • Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue and blood.

     • In BIOPSY, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (histopathological studies).

    • Bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the case of leukaemia.• Non-invasive techniques like

                   Ø Radiography (Use of X-Rays), 

                   Ø CT (Computed Tomography) 

                   Ø MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) à

      • very useful technique to diagnose and detect cancer.

•     Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers. 

Genomics in cancer àHelpful to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which the individual are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer).

CANCER Treatment: 

• Surgery, 

• radiation therapy, 

• chemotherapy and 

• immunotherapy.

In radiotherapy, tumour cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass. 

 Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells. 

• specific for particular tumours.

• Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, anaemia, etc.

• Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 

IMMUNOTHERAPY:

   • Tumour cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system. This content @sciencegajab 

   • Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response modifiers such as α-interferon which activates their immune system and helps in destroying the tumour.

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